The D6112 employs a 16.5VAC 40VA power supply transformer (wall wart). Before trying anything else, double-check that your unit is properly connected (check with another lamp), has power (using a Digital Multi-Meter), and feels warm to touch (ideally this should happen after about an hour of usage). If this doesn’t happen then try different outlets or buy another transformer.
Problem – Nothing happens when entering code into keypad. Solution – Connect programmer using coiled cord; insert plastic RJ phone type plug in 4112 Communicator Female Connector and the brown connector from other end into 5200 programmer connection and turn on programmer.
When installing 4 wire smoke detectors on loop B, where should their power connections land to allow Command 47 reset capabilities?
Quantum healing is an energy-based practice that has seen increasing popularity over time. It draws on three central tenants of quantum physics for treatment:
Practitioners believe that by working at an energetic level, they can indirectly affect a person’s health and wellbeing. This form of healing can also complement traditional medical treatments.
Non-local healing
Quantum healing differs from traditional medicine in that its foundation lies on causality rather than on cause-and-effect; quantum healing recognizes that every action or intention has a direct impact on an individual’s physical, mental, and emotional well being. Furthermore, quantum healing recognizes that all humans are interconnected through energy flow spanning space and time – an idea which has given rise to many spiritual practices like meditation but has also raised some skepticism from some quarters as there has yet to be scientific research backing their claims; nonetheless these techniques could prove helpful for some individuals.
Non-local healing is a quantum healing approach used to treat diseases and injuries from a distance. Based on entanglement theory – that particles can instantly connect regardless of distance – this allows healing energy to travel across space as needed and allow healing energy to travel from body to body in search of its owner’s innate intelligence to promote self-healing processes.
Non-local healing techniques include distance healing and biofeedback scanning. With biofeedback scanning, a device sends a frequency into the immune and energy systems of the body and records any reactions it receives in return; this data can then be used to detect imbalances within its energy system and identify any imbalances within it.
Quantum healing, popularized by Deepak Chopra with his publication of the same name in 1989, is an integrative form of mind-body medicine that blends ancient Indian healing traditions with Western medical knowledge and theories related to quantum physics.
While quantum healing has provided numerous people with positive results, others remain skeptical of its efficacy. Others consider it simply placebo effect but acknowledge its ability to alleviate pain and anxiety for those in need. It is important to keep in mind that what works for one individual might not necessarily work for all; thus it would be wiser to explore new avenues before quickly ruling something out.
Quantum healing is an ancient and proven technique for helping the body, mind, and spirit to heal itself. Used to treat various illnesses or conditions over thousands of years by shamans, monks, and healers worldwide.
Focus on life-force energy
Quantum healing is an empowering approach to holistic wellness that can aid healing at multiple levels – emotional, psychological, physical and more. The practice relies on quantum physics principles which examine how matter and energy interact at subatomic levels – an intriguing topic which has captured many who look for alternative and complementary forms of healthcare and wellbeing.
This form of healing relies on the principle of entanglement to create an energetic link between healer and client, known in Eastern medicine as prana or chi. This life force energy exists within all living beings and provides vitality and health; healers believe they can direct this energy towards specific parts of the body for treatment of depression or anxiety.
Importantly, quantum healing does not seek to replace conventional medicine; rather it complements it by targeting imbalances associated with chronic conditions. Studies have demonstrated how quantum healing can relieve symptoms associated with asthma, diabetes and migraines – while even helping some people deal with cancer.
Another key advantage of alternative medicine is that it can balance brain chemistry. This can be particularly helpful for individuals suffering from depression and anxiety as it allows their bodies to relax more fully. Furthermore, this form of healing may rewire brain patterns so patients become more present in their lives while decreasing negative thoughts and emotions.
Quantum healing sessions typically begin by clearing away any negative energy that has built up in your body, either through meditation, breathing exercises, or physical contact. Once this energy has been dispelled from the system, your body can heal itself more effectively; or alternatively you could focus on specific issues, like anxiety or pain, to allow the body to release negativity that might be contributing.
Belief in one’s own ability to heal
Quantum healing techniques have gained in popularity among individuals looking for natural and holistic remedies to their health issues. Utilizing principles from quantum physics, these practices seek to strengthen the mind-body connection and boost our bodies’ innate healing powers through meditation, visualization techniques and energy work. While their science remains debated, regular practice of quantum healing could offer many promising results for practitioners.
Quantum Healing techniques rely on the belief that everything is interconnected at an subatomic level. Practitioners believe that by shifting energy fields within the body’s fields, they can influence and heal individuals. Furthermore, their thoughts and emotions affect everyone around them – so healing one person may help raise uplifted their energetic frequencies as a result of doing so.
Quantum healing emphasizes not only focusing on body energy but also trusting one’s own abilities to heal. While this may be difficult for those unfamiliar with trusting their intuition and instincts to make decisions, quantum healing‘s fundamental concept lies in this element that enhances conventional medical treatments.
Quantum healing also relies on non-local healing methods based on quantum entanglement theory, where particles remain connected even when separated by great distances. Practitioners using this non-local process can send quantum energy directly to distant people in need in order to heal them.
Quantum healing has gained much interest, yet isn’t considered scientifically validated practice. Indeed, some critics consider it pseudoscience or offer false hope to those with real health concerns. While such critiques are valid, they shouldn’t undermine quantum healing‘s potential to improve mental and physical wellbeing.
Quantum healing is an intriguing concept and could prove beneficial for those living with chronic health conditions. Its emphasis on the interconnectivity of body, mind, and spirit echoes ideas found in meditation practices scientifically proven for their emotional benefits; thus adding quantum healing into these established practices could open new avenues for wellness and personal growth.
Education
Quantum healing is an innovative approach to wellness that utilizes quantum physics principles to treat mind, body, and spirit. As more individuals look for alternative and complementary approaches to healthcare, quantum healing has grown increasingly popular as people look for alternatives and complementary approaches to improving their wellness.
Quantum healing stands out as an innovative form of medicine thanks to its nonlocality, which allows energy to move between different locations. Furthermore, intention plays a pivotal role in this process, with studies having revealed how an individual’s mental state can impact on how successful quantum healing sessions will be.
Quantum healing works at the subatomic level to bring change on an individual. When practitioners send positive intentions toward individuals, this has the power to transform their physical state, with effects spreading throughout their entire body and even impacting DNA itself – this makes quantum healing especially effective at treating illness or other conditions.
Energy healing techniques can also provide solutions to emotional problems. They may alleviate depression and enhance quality of life; improve presenteeism – something stress can make more difficult; alleviate pain relief; unblock stagnant energy; bring peace into one’s heart – among other uses.
Many of these techniques are available at specialized healing centers, where supportive communities encourage participants to embrace their inner power and embrace meditation and relaxation techniques that can reduce stress and anxiety.
Quantum healing techniques can also be combined with traditional medicine to enhance patient experiences and outcomes, providing them with more options to find healing. Quantum healing holds great promise in terms of holistic wellness; its introduction could bridge conventional and alternative therapy services more seamlessly. As more people explore quantum healing‘s possibilities, more can take steps toward living healthier lifestyles while unleashing their innate healing capacities – becoming fully integrated beings as intended by Nature.
The present invention involves a device for treating and relieving sinus congestion symptoms.
This device simultaneously delivers acoustic vibration and oscillating expiratory pressure to the nasal cavity, with positive results seen after two weeks of twice daily treatments for two weeks in clinical studies involving patient-reported metrics (TNSS, NOSE and SNOT-22).
How it works
Sinuses are lined with tissues that produce and drain mucus from within, but when inflamed they swell up and trap mucus inside nasal passageways resulting in headaches and facial pain. Sinus massage may help alleviate inflammation which contributes to these symptoms.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects more than 40 million people across North America and can significantly decrease quality of life for patients living with the condition. A recent study demonstrated how applying high frequency vibration to the sinus region can significantly alleviate pain associated with CRS symptoms as well as improve overall quality of life for CRS sufferers.
Study participants suffering from facial pain or pressure were randomly given either a placebo pill or an electronic device combining acoustic and mechanical vibration, using a coaxially rotating shaft with motor to produce vibrations. Patients were instructed to use it at home for 10 days. Results demonstrated that CRS patients receiving simultaneous acoustic and mechanical vibration were significantly more satisfied with their quality of life than those not receiving this device.
Vibration therapy for sinusitis can be accomplished using either a handheld device or pillow designed to vibrate the head and sinus area. A handheld device is convenient, portable, and easy to use while at home, work, or traveling – its dial allows users to control vibration cycles as well as the vibration amplitude; specific areas of facial skin may even be targeted with vibration therapy.
A pillow equipped with vibration therapy is both cozy and functional; providing relief from migraines, headaches and sinus pain. Equipped with small vibrating motors that create external stimulation to block pain signals sent from the brain directly. Made of soft breathable cotton with ergonomic beads that sit gently against skin.
There are four pairs of sinuses, and the frontal sinuses are located at the center of your forehead. To massage these sinuses, first warm your hands. Next, place the index and middle fingers of both hands on either side of the center brow bone before using gentle, circular strokes to massage for 30 seconds using humming sounds to promote release of nitric oxide for improved mucus movement.
Benefits
Nasal congestion is a widespread condition caused by various conditions, including upper respiratory infections such as the flu or cold, allergies and nasal surgery. All of these disorders impair mucociliary clearance in the nose and sinuses resulting in increased inflammation, intense pressure/pain and blocked drainage – symptoms which medications only offer temporary relief for. Vibration therapy for sinusitis provides safe non-pharmacologic relief to reduce symptoms while improving health in sinuses.
Vibration therapy offers an alternative solution for sinus congestion that goes beyond quick fixes like neti pots and nasal sprays; vibration can directly address its sources to provide long-term relief of symptoms. According to Dr. Madeleine Schaberg of Mount Sinai Health System in New York City, blocked sinuses result from swelling in sinus cavities which then become unable to drain mucus properly; there are eight sinus cavities on either side of your head, she noted; while neti pots or sinus rinses can provide temporary relief, regular use will give lasting relief.
Other treatments for clogged sinuses may include the Valsalva maneuver, balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube or placement of pressure equalizing ear tubes; however, these procedures are typically painful and only provide short-term relief.
Recent research suggests that acoustic vibration, in the form of humming, can improve sinus patency by increasing nitric oxide production – leading to decreased pain signals within sinuses. Furthermore, vibration has been found to lower upregulation levels for neuromodulators that contribute to pain such as neurokinin 1 receptor, substance P and tumor necrosis factor a.
There have been various studies using vibrational treatment to treat sinusitis. Some used only acoustic energy while others combined this technique with nebulizer drug delivery; results ranged from no benefits reported at all, to some showing significant improvement. One promising research team conducted their study at University of Texas Houston School of Medicine where combined vibrational energy with nebulizer drug delivery improved sinus medication delivery.
Side effects
Vibration therapy for sinusitis is an easy and safe solution that does not rely on pharmaceutical medications to address symptoms. Patients can perform it themselves at home using SinuSonic device which combines acoustic vibration with oscillating expiratory pressure to open nasal passages naturally – this has been shown to significantly improve patient-reported outcomes in smaller studies.
This device does not require a valid prescription and can be purchased over-the-counter (OTC). It features a vibrating headband which helps loosen and dislodge mucus from sinuses. Users are advised to wear this device twice daily for approximately 30 minutes at a time for maximum benefit.
There has been speculation that using acoustic energy could help alleviate pain and sinonasal symptoms by increasing nitric oxide production; however, its exact mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, additional studies are required to study specific treatment indications among larger patient populations as well as optimal frequency and duration for therapy using this therapy technique.
Saline sprays may also help relieve sinus congestion by loosening and thinning mucus, making drainage of it out more easily from your nose. Other OTC treatments include decongestants and antihistamines to decrease swelling and pain in your sinuses.
An additional solution to help relieve sinus symptoms is using a warm compress. These are readily available from most pharmacies and can be applied directly onto the face and neck to alleviate congestion, swelling and pressure in the sinuses. Just be careful not to press too hard as that could irritate them further.
As another way of providing sinus relief, sinus massage may provide much-needed respite. This method involves massaging the sides of the head – specifically cheekbones and forehead. A trained practitioner or body massager or face vibrator may assist in this task – these devices can be found online or at department stores with beauty supply stores; also health food stores carry them.
Precautions
Sinus infections occur when the tissues lining the sinuses become inflamed and trap mucus and other fluids within the nasal passageways, leading to pain, pressure and runny nose symptoms. An effective sinus massage can relieve symptoms associated with sinusitis while simultaneously improving nasal passageways by improving mucus flow. To begin a successful massage session, it’s necessary to locate all four pairs of sinuses within your face – the initial step being identification of all four sets of sinuses that exist on either side. Frontal sinuses, located in the center of your skull behind your nose and between your eyes, can be massaged by placing thumb and index finger together on the bridge of the nose and gently stroking towards inner corners of your eyes. Sphenoid sinuses lie on either side of your nostrils. Massage techniques to soothe sinusitis include placing both thumb and index finger on one nostril bridge and gently stroking downward toward the nose. Maxillary sinuses, located on cheeks, inside of nose and mouth area may be massaged by placing one finger under nose and pressing down toward sides of nostrils.
Clogged sinuses occur when sinus membranes swell to an inability to drain, leading to discomfort such as pain, headaches and runny nose. Decongestants available over-the-counter are the best solution; these medications work by contracting blood vessels in membranes to allow more fluid to pass through, although prolonged use could result in rebound of membranes; so they should only be taken for up to three days at a time to avoid further worsening congestion.
Another solution for sinusitis treatment is irrigation. A solution composed of salt and baking soda can thin out mucus and facilitate its drainage, with rinses being sold by many pharmacies, and doctors advising multiple applications daily to the sinuses. Josephson recommends the NeilMed Neti Pot with its built-in nasal rinse; for extra convenience he also suggests the Grossan Hydro-Pulse which acts like a WaterPik but for your sinuses.
Spooky2 Scalar uses healing scalar waves to apply Royal Rife’s original frequencies against various pathogens – making it one of the most sophisticated Rife machines available today.
SpookyNet, an artificial neural network trained on small organic molecules, learns general chemical principles that extend to unknown electronic states. This enables it to achieve the same prediction error level on QMspin as models without electronic embeddings.
Scalar
Scalar is an open source platform designed for creating media-rich online publications, designed to go beyond linear ePub publications and expand digital humanities scholarship beyond linear forms of publishing. Additionally, this presentation will highlight specific Scalar projects as well as explore how its affordances reflect emerging scholarly workflows and practices for producing media-rich and archive-connected scholarship.
Physics defines scalar quantities as physical quantities whose magnitude alone can be used to quantify them, such as volume, density, speed, energy or mass. Scalars differ from vectors in that they do not possess both magnitude and direction – these characteristics set them apart.
Scalar quantities differ from vector quantities in that they can be added or subtracted without regard to directions and angles, enabling easy addition or subtraction without considering directions and angles. Scalars are commonly used to express temperature measurements, such as adding 25degC to 10degC: the resultant number does not depend on which way it was added or subtracted. When adding multiple units together using vector addition rules however this cannot happen automatically online sources but these sentences provide examples from online sources to demonstrate current usage of’scalar’ as used online sources are selected automatically from various online sources which do not represent views held by Merriam-Webster editors or its editors whose opinions expressed.
Coil
The Coil is a power-up that enables players to regenerate their health every second, emitting green plus sign particles and leaving behind an invisible trail (only in V0.5) behind them. However, earlier versions were slightly more costly due to not producing these effects, but still provided small speed boosts; indeed its old tool-tip even joked that its name alluded to “ketchup time”.
Coils can be invaluable tools when facing off against particularly challenging killers or engaging in extended sessions of play. Although not designed as an absolute safeguard against fade, a Coil will help mitigate its effects – often manifested as missed or bricked shots that would have otherwise been easily made before fade occurred. A Coil will allow you to recover after missed shots quickly and prevent your score from decreasing significantly; making it one of the most useful items in the game!
Cold Laser
Cold laser therapy employs low levels of light to promote healing processes within the body. Its non-thermal photons penetrate deep tissue layers to restore damaged cells while also increasing blood flow to that area, providing additional oxygen and nutrients for cell repair more rapidly and effectively. This therapy allows your body to repair itself faster.
Photobiomodulation, the cold laser’s signature technique, stimulates cells to generate more ATP energy which accelerates tissue repair and lowers pain levels. Furthermore, macrophages activated by this therapy remove harmful substances from within cells to provide relief from chronic conditions like fibromyalgia and backache.
Professor Fritz-Albert Popp made an astounding discovery in 1974: cells store photons of light near their DNA, leading him to create this innovative therapy known as photobiomodulation that improves body functioning at the cellular level.
Spooky2 offers free generators and software databases compared to other rife devices, making it affordable for anyone to use. The Spooky2 Sample Digitizer lets you perform GX biofeedback scans on biological samples such as urine, saliva or blood in order to determine the most suitable frequencies for you and your condition. It connects directly to its booster generator through the SN, MN and BN ports on your device.
Remote
The Remote is designed to make contact mode frequency treatments simpler and more accessible, particularly for long duration treatments or treating parts of the body which would otherwise be difficult or impossible to reach with traditional oscillators. Furthermore, its unique silver impregnated probe ensures comfortable usage during sessions.
The Remote device receives and transmits signals from generators and displays them on two red LEDs that light up depending on their polarity, providing a simple yet highly effective method for calibrating generators without needing multimeters. Even reports of seemingly unusual LED behavior like one LED lighting up when neither should have had been resolved simply by turning off and on again the Remote.
Search Database is divided into 10 sub-databases which can be searched and loaded by using the Search button. Results View can also be switched to Details View using Checkboxes which display all available conditions within each list and allows you to selectively load only those relevant to your needs.
Power Supply
Spooky2 power supplies are designed to withstand the high-voltage currents required of Rife plasma systems while also supporting other devices requiring high output voltages. Furthermore, their upper temperature cutoff point is much lower than Stern power supplies.
Spooky2 Remote requires DNA samples be stored in folded paper sticky tape for easier handling and to prevent it from becoming brittle over time. Unfortunately, such tape is not readily available or affordable to buy; luckily there’s an alternative solution: Spooky2‘s custom-made DNA tape!
Spooky2 system utilizes both scalar waves and Rife Modulation; Royal Rife discovered that certain pathogens respond to specific frequencies; this allows it to apply these healing frequencies using healing scalar waves – making Spooky2 Scalar the world’s most advanced Rife machine.
Once your generator is tuned, simply place a sample onto a receiver plate to receive healing information from it – such as essential oils, supplements or even medications. Furthermore, remote treatments allow you to deliver these same frequencies directly to someone wherever they may be in the world.
Tape
Tape was an economical and convenient medium that was ideal for creating low-grade Halloween sound effects. Customers could easily pick up cassettes from corner stores for less than two dollars and bypass vinyl recordings’ lengthy spooling process. Furthermore, unlike audiobooks which required protective cases and sleeves sleeving processes – tape could serve multiple functions including providing soundtrack for outdoor displays or as backdrop for Key Club spookhouses.
Use of a cassette as a prop was an effective way of frightening both friends and foes alike. On hearing its mysterious soundscapes, children and teenagers would cower in fear at home or gather near trees when hearing its mysterious soundscapes; especially among those familiar with legends that claimed anyone who saw a cassette would die within seven days; unfortunately due to its limited capacity cassettes could only be played so many times before its polymer material filled up with dust or detritus and became unplayable limiting further use as scare tactics against their foes or adversaries alike.
USB Filter
Rife plasma systems produce electrical noise that interferes with USB controlled generators, leading to data errors on USB gensets. To combat this interference and prevent generator malfunctions, the USB Filter cable was created – plugging directly into either of Spooky2 Central’s MN/BN ports via double shielding thick gauge copper wires with custom made ferrite core.
USB data transmission uses two pairs of electrical contacts; one carries 5V DC and supply ground, while the other carries an antiphase packet-based data signal called Data Positive or Data Negative. Each data bit has equal amplitude on both data lines thereby eliminating common-mode interference that could compromise transmission.
The JitterBug filters both pairs of data connections by restricting USB’s radio-frequency bandwidth to accommodate its maximum data rate of 2.0. According to AudioQuest, the result is an enhanced signal/noise ratio and reductions in jitter, parasitic resonances and interference. Contained within a rugged protective housing machined from solid aluminum stock for extra safety of internal electronic components as well as increasing effectiveness, it also contributes to this filter’s effectiveness.
Aging is a natural biological process, in which cells slowly degenerate and break down over time, leading to various illnesses including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer 1.
Researchers have recently revealed that metformin can reverse aging by improving dysregulated nutrient sensing pathways and modulating several proteins related to aging and apoptosis 4. In other words, metformin modulates several proteins linked with aging and apoptosis 4, thus slowing its progression and thus reverse aging processes.
1. Metformin Activates Autophagy
Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining cell homeostasis and protection against stress, clearing misfolded proteins that could be toxic to cells as well as protecting mitochondria from oxidative stress by improving mitochondrial function. Unfortunately, insufficient or abnormal autophagy has been linked with numerous pathological processes and diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neurodegeneration cardiovascular disease and cancer – though Metformin may promote autophagy through various studies; its exact mechanism remains unknown at this time.
Metformin is an extremely potent activator of AMPK, the protein responsible for controlling various cellular processes including autophagy. Studies have shown that metformin can bidirectionally regulate autophagy under different circumstances – for instance it inhibited elevated autophagy levels in leukocytes while simultaneously increasing decreased levels of autophagy among blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetic patients and increasing anti-tuberculosis effects through inducing autophagy in their cells.
Metformin can also stimulate autophagy in various animal models by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway. One study in rats that received 24 hour treatments of metformin showed higher LC3-II immunoreactivity compared with controls, while transmission electron microscopic examination revealed increased autophagosomes with double membrane structures.
Additional studies showed that metformin could induce autophagy in hepatitis B virus-infected mice by activating SIRT1 and FOXO1. Furthermore, it enhanced muscle function through increasing autophagy among normal mice as well as reduce oxidative stress by up-regulating LC3-II expression and decreasing AMPK/mTOR/GSK3b signaling in models for atherosclerosis, fibrosis, hepatic steatosis, Parkinson’s disease, among others.
Metformin has also been shown to promote autophagy in naturally aged mice and d-galactose-induced senescence rats by down-regulating SIRT2 gene expressions, leading to improved brain health in both cases. Furthermore, metformin may prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and xenogeneic tumorigenesis by targeting Beclin1 as a key autophagy activating protein while simultaneously decreasing expression levels of its inhibitor p62/SQSIP; this mechanism corresponds to the AMPK/SIRT1/mTOR-p53/ULK1 pathway.
2. It Lowers Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is a key contributor to many age-related conditions, including heart disease, COPD, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, sarcopenia (muscle loss) and frailty. Telomere shortening and DNA damage may also result from too much oxidative stress; metformin as an established AMPK activator has been shown to significantly reduce this stressor. Furthermore, animal models have demonstrated it can prevent or reverse some hallmarks of aging such as fatty liver, protein glycation mitochondrial dysfunction cell senescence and decreased autophagy – hallmarks often associated with ageing such as fatty liver, protein glycation mitochondrial dysfunction cell senescence and decreased autophagy.
Metformin’s most significant effects include increasing cellular energy production through increasing complex 1 activity in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and decreasing oxidative stress and DNA damage, possibly through its ability to inhibit the mTORC1 and sirtuin pathways that directly control nutrient sensing signals within cells.
Researchers recently conducted an experiment to test metformin’s anti-oxidant properties against human umbilical vein endothelial cells that had been exposed to high glucose levels or H4II rat hepatocellular carcinoma, and discovered it reduced oxidative stress by decreasing ROS production, inducing MnSOD expression, and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis through activating AMPK – findings consistent with other research showing that metformin can protect both diabetic mice as well as non-diabetic mice against oxidative stress protection against oxidative stress.
Metformin also showed similar effects when administered to mice exposed to high glucose, significantly decreasing oxidative stress levels in their pancreas and liver by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving glucose tolerance, while decreasing hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular carcinogenesis. These findings indicate that metformin can effectively prevent or reverse several major conditions associated with metabolic syndrome including obesity, hepatic fibrosis, fatty liver, impaired glycolysis, protein glycation cellular senescence apoptosis cellular senescence apoptosis, diminished autophagy.
While current studies on metformin’s longevity-increasing effects are promising, more studies need to be conducted in order to verify its anti-aging benefits and see if these extend beyond people living with diabetes or prediabetes. Furthermore, it would be useful to understand how metformin influences individual markers of aging so as to develop more targeted therapies that mimic its effects.
3. It Reverses Insulin Resistance
Metformin acts as an insulin sensitizer, helping the body more efficiently utilize its own insulin production and use. This improves blood sugar levels while decreasing risk for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as well as complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease and kidney damage associated with these conditions.
Metformin has also been shown to reduce aging in mice and humans alike, with its effects similar to caloric restriction (CR), an intervention proven to extend health span and lifespan across many species. Studies have also demonstrated that metformin’s therapeutic benefits can be seen through many of the same biological pathways associated with CR such as gene expression changes and metabolism regulation.
Metformin may help increase protein synthesis and decrease inflammation through activating AMPK and inhibiting mTOR, among other mechanisms. Furthermore, other cellular signaling pathways related to aging may also be affected such as ribosomal S6 protein kinase activity, glycolysis metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis processes, protein phosphatase 3 activity and DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MSH3.
Metformin may also reduce insulin resistance at the level of skeletal muscles, given research showing that its in vivo correlates with decreased complex 1 respiration in these muscles. Unfortunately, several clinical trials that compared metformin’s effects with those of exercise on insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome components did not detect an additive or null impact on glycemic control.
Metformin may have beneficial effects on adipose tissue, glucose and insulin metabolism, oxidative stress and protein glycation independent from its effects on glycemic control, possibly explaining why this drug has shown to improve cardiovascular disease risk factors and even increase life span in obese individuals. More research needs to be conducted in order to ascertain why this occurs and to establish whether metformin should be used preventively as a drug to promote healthy aging; considering its long history of use as an anti-diabetic medication and its relatively low cost it seems reasonable that further exploration of this potential effect could take place.
4. It Reverses Age-Related Memory Loss
As our global population ages, it becomes ever more essential to find ways to slow or reverse age-related diseases. Metformin, already prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes patients, has become widely acknowledged for its anti-ageing benefits – thanks to its ability to inhibit cellular senescence and promote autophagy; furthermore it appears to reduce buildups of amyloid plaques in the brain while protecting cells against oxidation, all without altering insulin levels.
Research has also demonstrated that metformin extends animal longevity. It improves health span and lifespan by directly targeting key cellular processes related to age-related conditions like inflammation, fatty liver, oxidative stress, protein glycation, impaired autophagy, senescence and cancer (Table 1).
Metformin’s anti-aging effects are enhanced through both its AMPK-dependent and independent mechanisms, with direct inhibition of mTORC1 and sirtuins contributing to its action against aging. Studies have identified this mechanism as attenuating age-associated imbalances in protein abundance and trafficking that wreak havoc with proteins from degradation or destabilization – also helping mitochondrial function improve and lower oxidative stress.
Metformin may help slow cellular senescence through increasing expressions of BDNF in both astrocytes and neurons. BDNF is a neurotrophic factor which supports growth of new neurons and synapses while inhibiting senescence-related apoptosis. Furthermore, research suggests it attenuates microglial activation as well as astrocyte hypertrophy to delay neurodegeneration in aged mice.
Recent studies examining Alzheimer’s disease have demonstrated that metformin can significantly reduce memory loss in a mouse model. The research shows that metformin significantly increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and thus improved cognitive functions of old animals. Furthermore, its memory-enhancing effects were determined to be due to Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, no neurogenesis or neosynaptogenesis was necessary.
Though some drugs have been shown to slow aging in animals, few have been tested on humans. Metformin has an outstanding safety profile and thus researchers are eager to see its efficacy tested against human participants. One such trial is the TAME Trial by American Federation for Aging Research that will test whether metformin can delay development and/or accelerate progression of age-related chronic diseases by targeting biological aging rather than specific conditions. Enrolling participants for this six-year clinical trial is expected to begin in 2020.
