The genetic algorithm approach to wave genetics is particularly well suited for mode-locked fibre lasers and allows researchers to explore nonlinear wave phenomena such as soliton explosions9.
Before genetic optimization, optical spectra and temporal signals show complex speckled patterns. After genetic optimization, however, the spectrum has become much cleaner, and a distinct pulse train can be seen in its temporal signal.
Quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement, in which two particles interact in ways seemingly impossible under classical physics, has proven indispensable in the creation of cutting-edge technologies like quantum computing. But its applications also extend far beyond technology: for instance, it has opened up new avenues for investigating life itself. Scientists have discovered that entangled biophotons can be used to transmit DNA information over long distances – which would help researchers study complex biological processes like cell division or morphogenetic fields that regulate organs or other structures within living organisms.
Entanglement stems from the fact that all matter is composed of subatomic particles. Two such particles can become entangled by passing close together or interacting in some way – for instance, an inert particle with no spin can break apart into two daughter particles with opposite spins, creating two photons that instantly affect one another, as if they were the original particle itself.
Quantum interference allows scientists to measure entangled particles. By creating a beam of ultracold gramicidin molecules and then measuring their interaction through Talbot-Lau interferometry, physicists are able to use quantum interference techniques like Talbot-Lau interferometry; they then observe the pattern created when these two interact, showing their interconnected nature even though separated by over 25 miles and moving at various speeds. The pattern shows entanglement even though their molecules are far apart and moving at different speeds!
Researchers have tried various different approaches to detect entanglement, and their results consistently revealed one pattern: Particles were always instantly affected by each other regardless of how far apart or their state they were in – this has proven difficult for physicists in their attempts to prove entanglement is real; another major loophole they’ve identified in doing this work was that photon pairs can be “read” out to decode messages containing secret codes; their state can change quickly by abruptly adopting either vertical or horizontal polarization – or by researchers “reading” them out to decode secret messages with ease.
Optical tweezers
Optic tweezers use light to manipulate microscopic objects such as DNA and proteins. They can apply forces in the picoNewton range, measuring displacements ranging from 10nm to over 100mm. Furthermore, force measurements with fluorescent detection enable one to study individual molecular dynamics; various variants of optical tweezers such as single molecule fluorescence assays exist which require measurable spatial coordinate changes due to conformational change or force-induced unfolding.
Optic tweezers have long been used in bioscience research to capture dielectric spheres, bacteria, viruses, living cells, organelles and small metal particles – even DNA! Their application and measurement provides forces, tracks movement of these particles as well as alters larger structures such as cell membranes.
One of the primary uses for optical tweezers is studying molecular motors such as kinesin and dynein, which are attached biochemically to polystyrene or silica beads that can be trapped using optical tweezers. Forces exerted by laser beams directed into trap are exerted on beads which then detectable using position sensitive photodetectors before being converted into displacement measurements via conservation of linear momentum.
Researchers are increasingly using optical tweezers in combination with other techniques, such as wide-field epifluorescence or TIRF imaging of DNA or its binding proteins, in order to better measure and interpret force-induced changes to molecular structures. This approach has spawned an explosion of innovative applications leveraging combined trap and fluorescence data (termed “fleezers”). For example, Bechtluft et al. (2011) explored one such application to assess environmental pollution through fluorescence imaging technology. At first, researchers showed that SecB prevented protein folding by attaching unfolded chains to the maltose-bonding protein (MBP). Once folded, molecules extend along their entire length; optical tweezers can help monitor this change; this effect of SecB could then be compared with that of trigger factor, another chaperone which has no such effects on protein folding processes.
Angular optical tweezers (AOTs) extend the capabilities of optical tweezers by enabling them to confine particles both angularly and spatially. Stable angular confinement requires a birefringent cylinder that can be controlled and detected, such as the quartz cylinder shown in Fig. 2b; AOT also permits rotating forces on trapped objects, such as twisting DNA molecules.
Wavefront shaping
Wavefront shaping (WS) is an optical technique for producing tight focus behind scattering medium by spatially manipulating its beam incident on it. WS can be used to improve optical imaging5,6, optogenetics7, dynamic three-dimensional holography8 as well as providing noninvasive means of measuring intensity of focused beam inside sample9.
WS technology makes automatic mode-locking of multimode fiber lasers possible without using a controller, significantly reducing system complexity and increasing reliability. Furthermore, this approach can also be used to optimize output power, mode profile, and optical spectrum of a laser for maximum effectiveness; we anticipate many potential uses in the near future for this technology.
Recent research explores genetic optimization as a means to achieve stable and high-quality mode-locking in multimode fiber lasers. Starting from random parameters, an algorithm gradually breeds individuals with the highest fitness score to form populations that converge toward desired operating regime. The process takes 20 generations but completes in less than 30 minutes; and resulted in fundamentally mode-locked output with CW amplitude of 2 microns.
Genetic wavefront shaping can also help optimize an MMF laser by increasing output quality with equal input power. Genetic algorithms have been extensively researched for single-transverse-mode fiber lasers; however, their effectiveness on MMF systems has yet to be examined in detail. Genetic algorithms combining automatic mode-locking with genetic wavefront shaping produce stable output quality while maintaining similar output power as conventional mode-locked MMF systems.
Genetic wavefront shaping differs from optical phase conjugation by being an iterative process that provides multiple iterations before reaching its optimal wavefront. Once optimized, genetic wavefront shaping creates a focused spot atop of a speckle pattern; its size corresponds with that of its correlation length in the scattered field.
Optometric imaging of scattering signals within a sample can also provide an effective means of probing its intensity of focus, similar to iterative wavefront shaping but much closer in approach than transmission matrix approaches. In such imaging sessions, light scattered by dominant scattering particles embedded within it is detected and photographed non-invasively for analysis.
Genetic optimization
Genetic Optimization (GA) is a search-based optimization technique that harnesses evolutionary theory and natural selection to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to complex problems. GA can be applied in many areas such as machine learning, research and optimization; its primary applications being machine learning and research. GA’s effectiveness lies in rapidly solving solutions which would otherwise take much longer to find; additionally it is widely utilized in computer science search & optimization tasks.
In this paper, we use genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize the laser resonator parameters of a wave genetics laser developed by Dr Peter Gariaev that facilitates healing processes by layering subtle frequencies onto carrier frequencies that can travel long distances – similar to how an old cassette tape would compare with CD versions but with much higher fidelity.
At its core, genetic algorithms (GAs) allow systems to be initialized with any set of polarization parameters and pump currents that can then be optimized by population-based genetic algorithms (PBA). The GA is optimized using two terms of an objective function containing two terms; first term selects for appearance of strong fundamental harmonic peak in intensity power spectrum while second term creates broad optical spectrum – which are both essential objectives in laser systems as they improve spatial uniformity and stability of system operation.
The GA applies genetic elitism principles by selecting for each iteration an elite individual with high fitness scores, which will then be propagated down through generations. This allows it to quickly find an acceptable operating regime for mode-locked lasers; however, due to instability inherent in mode-locked laser parameter spaces these regimes may only produce instantaneously high scores which then decrease with successive GA iterations cycles. Therefore, it should not be unexpected that maximum scores occasionally decrease while iterating through GA.
Utilizing a hysteresis loop can greatly enhance the stability of a mode-locked laser. This loop prevents short-term spectrum peaks caused by thermal effects in the system while simultaneously decreasing stray magnetic fields to maintain an uninterrupted mode-locked state.
