This theory is similar to destructology, an obscure pseudoscience which claims to divine body shapes using DNA holograms as maps of the universe. Unfortunately, unlike other pseudosciences, destructology hasn’t received endorsement by scientific authorities.
Popova tours Logunov’s laboratory for her show and interviews him via video call without disclosing that they are married.
Vaccines
Vaccines provide us with protection from dangerous diseases by mimicking how infections work and training the immune system to recognize and fight them off. Although developing vaccines can take years and may not always work out successfully, scientists have made progress using new laboratory techniques that speed up production processes to speed up work on these vaccines and produce more of them faster.
Medical researchers begin the vaccine development process by identifying parts of a pathogen (disease-causing microorganisms) which induce an immune response in humans and then reproducing those parts in a laboratory to create a vaccine, before testing it on animals to ensure its efficacy and determine its success rate.
Vaccines that show promise will then be tested on humans in the next stage. Scientists calculate doses of weakened viruses or bacteria to infect volunteers with, as well as which immune cells to activate to create an optimal and specific immune response.
Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened viruses or bacteria and are the most popular vaccine option. Scientists grow them until their ability to cause disease has diminished, then select the weakest strains as vaccine candidates. Although live attenuated vaccines can prompt an effective and lasting immune response in most people, they may not be suitable for people with compromised immune systems, AIDS patients or individuals undergoing organ transplant surgery.
Subunit, recombinant and conjugate vaccines isolate specific antigens from viruses or bacteria to generate strong immune responses in recipients. Although such vaccines may need additional booster doses in time, they are suitable for most people.
Toxoid vaccines utilise toxins produced by bacteria to produce an immune response without using the original source. They are suitable for all except those with compromised immune systems or long-term health issues like chronic illnesses or organ transplants.
mRNA vaccines take an alternative approach, using pieces of a germ’s RNA to instigate an immune response and create a different kind of vaccine – one used in two COVID-19 emergency use vaccines approved.
Immunizations
Immunization (or vaccination) is the process of stimulating your immune system to produce protective antibodies against specific diseases. Most vaccines are administered via needle injection; others can also be given in nasal spray form or orally. Immunization has proven itself an extremely cost-effective health care intervention that works to protect people against illness.
Vaccines use very small doses of antigens to teach your immune system how to recognize diseases and fight them off, usually including protein or polysaccharide components of disease-causing germs or virus components that cause infection. Our increased understanding of immunology has allowed for the creation of more effective and safer vaccines.
Recent evidence demonstrates the power of vaccination with live attenuated, replicating vaccines such as yellow fever, varicella zoster, BCG or measles vaccines to induce significant immune system responses that result in significant decreases in deaths from unrelated pathogens – creating herd immunity effects that help lessen infectious disease burden in populations.
The herd effect can be defined as the interaction of individuals vaccinated against specific infections with those susceptible to them, where vaccination-induced antibodies protect both. By binding with invading organisms such as viruses or bacteria that would otherwise enter cells where they would otherwise be destroyed, vaccine-induced antibodies help protect these vulnerable people against infectious organisms, leading to their destruction and subsequent decrease in morbidity and mortality rates.
Most vaccines used today contain inactivated, purified or killed organisms or their protein or polysaccharide parts from germs; others use parts of these proteins that stimulate an immune response against an infection by activating cells of your immune system to fight it off. Still other vaccines like subunit, recombinant and mRNA vaccines utilize genetic material of a germ directly, providing your cells instructions for producing its protein by making use of its genetic information to create proteins from it.
Polysaccharide vaccines such as those developed to protect against tetanus and diphtheria toxoids or pneumococcal conjugate infections provide immunity against bacteria by stimulating B cell responses which result in antibodies being produced against them. Meanwhile, mRNA vaccines like COVID-19 use pieces of germ’s RNA that give your cells instructions for making proteins.
Vaccine Safety
Properly administered vaccines are generally safe. If certain groups of individuals are at an increased risk for serious side effects due to vaccines (for instance, individuals with impaired immune systems or previous severe reactions to vaccination), their doctors may advise postponing or forgoing certain vaccinations altogether – such as older adults with severe frailty, those living with HIV and weakened immune systems, pregnant and breastfeeding women and others who might develop adverse reactions from vaccination.
VAERS allows anyone to report health problems that could possibly be related to a vaccine, and is used by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), VSD external-link and the V-safe app as tracking and research mechanisms in large populations receiving vaccines. FDA’s Sentinel Initiative tracks medical products such as vaccines by monitoring claims databases from insurance carriers.
Prior to licensure of any vaccine in the United States, its safety is thoroughly reviewed by various clinical trials involving thousands of participants as well as comparison with an unvaccinated control group. Trial results must demonstrate that it can effectively prevent disease in at least some portion of people while generally being well tolerated and with few serious side effects.
Before any vaccine can be legally distributed in the US, it must first be approved by a federal agency and undergo FDA regulatory clearance. Only then are vaccinees eligible for liability protections under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act or injury compensation available through Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program – an approach that ensures everyone’s interests align in regard to vaccine safety.
Vaccine Side Effects
Some vaccines may cause side effects; these should typically be mild. Such reactions could indicate your body responding positively and providing protection from disease, while serious reactions are highly uncommon; any that do arise usually appear within a day or two post vaccination and tend to resolve quickly; should these occur, please notify either your doctor or emergency room immediately.
COVID-19 vaccine injections take place into your upper arm, so it is normal for some bleeding at the injection site and/or swollen lymph nodes in your armpit to occur, though you might require anti-inflammatory medication like ibuprofen if there is pain or tenderness associated with them. You might also experience sore or swollen arms following injection – keep these elevated using ice packs.
After receiving your vaccine, it should be possible for you to return to your normal activities without experiencing side effects of any kind. Remember, even minor discomfort associated with vaccination will likely not impede its effectiveness and it’s essential that you stick with your scheduled schedule of immunizations.
Your product leaflet should contain a list of potential adverse reactions. These are reactions reported in clinical trials or postmarketing experience with the vaccine; however, they don’t prove whether it caused or contributed to said reaction. If you experience one listed herein, speak with your healthcare team immediately about possible remedies or solutions.
Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford AstraZeneca both manufacture mRNA COVID-19 vaccines that share similar side effects, such as fatigue, pain or swelling at the injection site, fever, chills, muscle and joint aches, headache and loss of appetite. More research needs to be conducted into how this vaccine compares against others regarding adverse events like heart-related reactions among various age groups and health conditions; but for now you can determine which vaccine would be most suitable to your current health status and preferences.
