Bio resonance works on the principle that all substances emit frequencies, which our body senses and translates into symptoms or illnesses that present themselves.
Stochastic resonance was first demonstrated experimentally using neurons. An up-and-down mechanical pressure signal combined with noise at various intensities was combined, then neuronal responses were measured extracellularly.
Electromagnetic Resonance
Electromagnetic resonance is the phenomenon whereby a system can generate large-amplitude vibrations when exposed to small periodic forces, even those as small as those found in our Solar System. Resonance applies to all vibrations or waves including sound waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitational waves and seismic waves in Earth. Resonance plays a central role in musical instruments and machinery as well as electrical circuits and radio equipment – even birds singing can benefit from resonance! Resonance occurs naturally as when planets in our Solar System resonate against each other giving rise to gaps between their rings – creating gaps! Resonance also plays a crucial role when planets interact naturally with each other producing gapping between their rings that produces resonance between each other creating gaps in their rings which allows light through and creates gaps in their rings which create gaps.
Resonance in particle physics is typically studied in terms of quantum mechanics or quantum field theory. An example would be the Mossbauer effect, in which electromagnetic interactions between two particles lead to emission and absorption of photons.
Resonance can be understood in its most fundamental sense as the phenomenon in which every oscillatory frequency has an inherent natural harmonic, known as its resonant frequency, that can be detected. For instance, an atom’s vibrational frequency is around 13.6 billion hertz; therefore its magnetic field at its center resonates with this frequency.
Many materials exhibit resonant frequencies which can be detected in their electromagnetic radiation, and used to assess properties. Chemistry and medicine often employ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). NMR spectroscopy uses electric current pulsed through a coil of shielded wire pulsed at hydrogen nuclei’s resonant frequency in a sample to record any magnetic response resulting from hydrogen nuclei’s resonance with magnetic fields external to itself; how many spins are detectable depends upon temperature, material nature and strength of external magnetic fields as well as temperature, nature of sample as strength of external magnetic fields.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is another bioresonance technique. ESR works similarly to NMR, only it focuses on electrons instead of nuclei or ions for analysis. Unfortunately, its material testing capabilities are more restricted as materials must possess unpaired electrons as well as be paramagnetic.
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
FRET is an extremely useful technique for imaging intermolecular interactions within cells, such as protein-protein or DNA-DNA binding. The FRET technique works on the principle that when two fluorescent molecules come close together their emission and absorption spectra overlap and energy can then be transferred from donor fluorophore to acceptor fluorophore through intermolecular dipole-dipole coupling to increase acceptor fluorescence while decreasing donor fluorescence at once – with its effectiveness depending on distance between them and which can then be measured by various methods.
FRET can be easily detected with acceptor photobleaching; when exposed to light, its emission increases as its emission is enhanced by energy from donor fluorophores absorbed during FRET and this ratiometric measurement allows you to quantify distances between donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins (FPs) via FRET interaction. Furthermore, this technique allows you to assess both FRET amount as well as individual interactions more precisely.
Another measure of FRET is the change in fluorescence lifetime for the donor molecule. When an acceptor binds with its donor, their distance decreases and the fluorescence lifetime decreases; this provides another means of assessing intermolecular association strength. Both frequency-domain and time-domain techniques can be employed for measuring changes in fluorescence lifetime changes as a measure of FRET indices.
Sensitized emission and polarized anisotropy microscopy are excellent choices for imaging fixed samples, since they do not rely on specific excitation wavelengths for each fluorophore. Both these methods may also be applied to live-cell imaging; however, with certain restrictions that should be noted; for instance if biosensors are being used to monitor activation of an ion channel then bleaching of its acceptor may interfere with normal functioning and should therefore be avoided as much as possible.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) occurs when electronic devices emit unwanted electromagnetic noise during operation, which interferes with and disrupts nearby devices and may potentially cause permanent damage. Unintentional sources include electric motors, inverters, rectifiers and treadmills as well as natural phenomena like solar radiation and cosmic radio waves; intentional sources include cell phones broadcasting signals.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be classified into either continuous or impulse noise depending on its duration of interference. Continuous EMI covers a broad range of frequencies and affects multiple devices simultaneously; its source could come from manmade or natural sources and have different impacts depending on which devices it impacts; interference with television or radio could simply be annoying while interference with pacemakers could have serious repercussions.
Impulse noise emits over a narrow frequency range and affects only one or more devices at once. It may originate from either manmade or natural sources and oscillators are often the culprit behind these types of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Impulse noise may be hard to detect but may lead to serious performance degradation or even permanent failure, making detection all the more important.
Conducted electromagnetic interference, or EMI, occurs when there is an electric current flowing directly between two sources and receptors – typically along power transmission lines. It is the most prevalent form of electromagnetic interference (EMI), often caused by household appliances or lightning strikes causing interference with power lines or signals from high-powered magnetic equipment like Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines; similarly it can wreak havoc in industrial settings where high-powered magnetic equipment such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines are utilized; similarly in hospitals this interference could interfere with wireless communication hubs necessary for operations and staff coordination.
Shielding is often used to protect sensitive devices from electromagnetic interference (EMI). This method involves surrounding them with conductive materials to stop their own emission of EMI while at the same time blocking any coming in from outside sources. Wired and wireless networks must take additional measures such as using isolation transformers and physical distance between components in order to minimize EMI levels as much as possible.
Stochastic Resonance
Stochastic resonance is a generic phenomenon which observes how adding random processes, or noise, to nonlinear systems with multiple stable states can enhance their capacity to transmit and process information. This has led to numerous experiments and models across disciplines as diverse as neurophysiology, physics and information theory – while in biological sciences such as mechanoreceptors in crayfish tail fans or visual sensitivity in human eyes and brains it often plays an integral part.
Cascading effects are characterized by the counterintuitive phenomenon whereby an increase in information transmission or detection performance metrics, such as signal-to-noise ratio, mutual information, coherence or d’, actually increases rather than decreases at certain threshold levels. This effect stems from nonlinear properties of the system itself – its dynamic instability being one example – being leveraged to maximize measurement quality or, in the case of visual systems, enhance image quality.
Numerous mechanisms contribute to the occurrence of stochastic resonance. Of particular note are spatial coupling between bistable elements and periodic external forcing as well as interaction between dynamics within each element and periodic external forcing – this latter effect being responsible for creating the well-known “squinting effect” seen by human visual systems; by dispersing harmonic distortion across more of an object and therefore lessening overall intensity.
An illustration of this effect can be seen with suprathreshold stochastic resonance in neurons, where noise addition can significantly increase the efficiency of spike generation and transmission – also known as noise enhancement or noise coding.
Suprathreshold stochastic resonance occurs when responses to subthreshold stimuli are increased beyond threshold by random input noise of sufficient magnitude. A hard threshold may not even be necessary for suprathreshold stochastic resonance to take place; Hoch and Pearce’s study on integrated-and-fire model neurons demonstrated suprathreshold stochastic resonance even without one present!