Since Ponce de Leon’s time, mankind has been on an endless search for the Fountain of Youth. Recent advancements in scientific research have unlocked new avenues that may help slow or reverse aging processes.
Belmonte and his team rejuvenated cells by temporarily activating genes that turn adult cells back into embryonic-like ones, providing insight into how such genes reset biological aging processes in cells, potentially speeding the development of more effective anti-ageing approaches.
What is aging?
Aging is the gradual accumulation of molecular and cellular changes over time that results in gradual decreases in physical and mental capacities, an increased risk of disease, and death. Although complex, this process remains unknown – there have been various theories put forward as to what causes it; some suggest wear and tear while others think environmental and lifestyle factors play a greater role.
Some scientists theorize that aging can be explained by mutations to DNA molecules of cells. According to this theory, cells divide regularly, with some producing mutations which eventually accumulate to such an extent that the cell no longer can divide or function normally and is broken down and removed from the body, contributing to ageing.
Age can also be explained in terms of damage done to cells over time, which could come from many sources such as free radicals causing oxidative stress in cells and eventually leading to various diseases. One theory proposes that this gradual accumulation can result in age.
Some scientists have proposed that aging may be reversed through cell reprogramming using chemical agents to alter gene expression patterns. Reprogramming cells can have a positive effect on body processes and even lengthen lifespan compared to without treatment; however, these methods only serve as temporary solutions and do not fully stop aging processes from progressing.
How does aging occur?
Scientists have several hypotheses as to the causes of aging. One theory suggests that it stems from damage done over time to cells and tissues; another suggests it results from both environmental and genetic influences.
Researchers have also demonstrated that many of the physical changes associated with aging can be reversed or delayed through regular exercise and diet, for instance. Another research project showed how metformin could improve glucose tolerance and delay diabetes development among people living with type 2 diabetes.
Ageing results from multiple processes, such as natural wear-and-tear on body cells, metabolic waste products accumulating, and dying off old or damaged cells. To slow or stop these processes, medications, eating healthfully, getting enough restful sleep and using UV protection such as sunscreen may all help.
Scientists are studying how organs and systems in our bodies communicate with one another, as well as its effects on aging. For instance, some researchers have discovered that connecting young and old mice so that their blood can flow together can partially reverse aging processes.
Researchers have discovered that certain species of plants and animals display clonal immortality, meaning no noticeable decline in physiological functions as time progresses. Other species exhibit negligible aging, including bristlecone pine trees which live up to 5062 years, hard clams (known in New England as quahogs) with 400 year lifespans, and deep sea tube worms which live 300 years!
What are the causes of aging?
Ageing is a complex issue and its causes vary from person to person. Genetic factors play an important part, while lifestyle and environmental influences also have an impact on one’s aging process. A diet high in antioxidants, regular physical exercise, and good sleep habits are essential elements in combatting the aging process – their absence could result in poor health conditions and an increased risk of age-related illnesses.
Scientists are actively working on ways to extend human lifespan, with some researchers being able to reverse some aspects of aging. For instance, rejuvenating non-active cells with specific drugs has been demonstrated; additionally some supplements like Resveratrol found in red wine has anti-ageing benefits.
Other scientists are exploring methods to slow the aging process by targeting specific genes involved. Researchers have discovered that altering p16 gene can slow cellular aging. Another approach includes the use of T cells which are designed specifically to combat off other cells which contribute to aging processes.
One of the more widely held theories of aging is known as the “wear and tear” theory, which asserts that as we get older our bodies gradually lose the ability to repair themselves due to damage incurred from oxidative stress which eventually causes protein crosslinkage leading to reduced biological functions and ultimately leading to further decline.
Recent advances in gene therapy have allowed scientists to reverse cellular aging in mice. Shinya Yamanaka received the Noble Prize for discovering that adult cells could revert back into embryonic-like cells; Altos Labs researchers also have successfully used his genes to extend lifespan and improve tissue function in old mice; they have even succeeded in rejuvenating senescent cells found in eye mice while working towards reversing aging in other organs like brain and muscles.
What are the effects of aging?
Aging can bring many problems, from decreased energy and the buildup of toxins in your body to disease and eventually death. Luckily, scientists are actively searching for ways to slow or even reverse this aging process.
Many of these efforts focus on undoing cell damage and reprogramming cells into more youthful states. One recent study demonstrated this approach by showing it caused mice’ cells to form new tissues and improve function; researchers believe that using such techniques could treat a wide variety of diseases.
Scientists are exploring different strategies to combat aging by altering how genes function. In particular, they’re investigating how epigenetic modifications (chemical modifications that don’t alter DNA sequence) influence aging processes.
In 2016, researchers from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies demonstrated how it is possible to reverse aging in mice through exposure to Yamanaka factors that transform adult cells into embryonic-like stem cells. When they injected these pluripotent genes into damaged retinal ganglion cells in aged mice’ eyes, the cells rejuvenated themselves and created new axons (projection from nerve cells to brain cells).
But this method of reversing aging has yet to be proven safe and effective in humans, leading some experts to fear that reprogramming cells to their younger states may increase cancer risks. Furthermore, other factors can impact on how the body ages as well, such as lifestyle choices or genetic inheritance; so it is vital for people to maintain a healthy lifestyle and see their doctor regularly so as to monitor their health status.
When will reverse aging be possible?
Before Ponce de Leon found what is supposedly the Fountain of Youth, humans have long searched for ways to live longer and healthier lives. Medical innovation and research have extended human lifespan to over 80 years old today; yet scientists still hope to extend that further by slowing or even reversing the aging process.
Scientists have successfully reversed aging in several animals, such as mice. This feat was achieved by targeting the epigenome, which regulates access to DNA. Since manipulating an epigenome is much easier than altering its DNA directly, reversing aging may not be too far off after all.
Rejuvenate Bio, located in San Diego, is one of the many companies using gene therapy to rejuvenate cells. Their goal is to develop cell-specific treatments capable of reversing effects of aging in various organs like brain, heart and joints; their experimentation involves developing molecules capable of turning back the clock of cell aging.
Reversing aging presents many difficulties for scientists. Beyond understanding how to manipulate the epigenome, they must also determine how their findings apply to complex organisms like humans.
Studies released earlier this year indicate it may be possible to achieve negligible senescence in humans, leading to extended life expectancies for those at greater risk for chronic illnesses and premature mortality.
Reversing or slowing the accelerated aging process would bring numerous advantages. Not only would it extend longevity, but it would also lower medical intervention costs and relieve pressure off healthcare and pension systems.
