Scientists have recently demonstrated the ability of DNA waves to be captured and visualized using an experimental circuit consisting of graphene or metal tubes, generators, inductors, and scopes. This circuit detects chick embryos inside eggs by collecting DNA signals produced from inside and outside, exchange magnetic waves among themselves internally and externally via graphene tubes and some interact with electrons in graphene tubes by exchanging magnetic waves; some even interact with electrons within graphene tubes generating current.
Electromagnetic waves
No matter where you listen to music on the radio, use a laptop computer, or prepare dinner in a microwave oven, you are exposed to electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic fields are an integral part of our environment and they affect all living things around us; their intensity and frequency varies throughout the day and night and they can be found virtually everywhere – with various results on humans and other organisms; but typically are harmless.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) refers to self-propagating waves of energy that carry momentum and radiant energy through space. EMR can be broken down by frequency (inversely proportional to wavelength), from radio waves and microwaves through radio frequency infrared, visible light, ultraviolet rays and X-rays – and all stages in between! Its wavelength/particle duality means it acts both as waves as well as discrete particles known as photons – with frequencies classified by frequency acting inversely proportionally proportionally relative to wavelength.
Waves are disturbances that produce ripples in a liquid or solid, such as ripples from throwing a pebble into a pond, that change direction over time while their size remains the same. Waves can also move through vacuum, though their speed is typically much slower. Electromagnetic waves pass harmlessly through objects such as people and trees without disrupting them.
Frequency measures the frequency of waves as measured by their number of wave crests passing a point per second and measured in Hertz after Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves in 1887. As frequency increases, so too does energy output from each wave.
electromagnetic waves differ from sound waves in that they do not require colliding with molecules to travel through matter, making them ideal for technologies like wireless networks and telecommunications systems. Unfortunately, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) also pose some potential health risks that must be considered carefully; recent evidence indicates they could increase cancer risks significantly as well.
EMFs can have other harmful impacts besides directly altering DNA. Exposure to EMFs can cause oxidative stress and cause mutations to genetic material that then pass along via cell reproduction. One study revealed that exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields of 100 Hz caused genotoxic effects on Vero cells; other research has documented reduced motility after exposure to 900 MHz EMFs or altered pollination behavior of honeybees after being exposed to 2.4 GHz frequencies.
Quantum waves
Wave genetics involves the study of DNA waves produced by living cells. These waves carry information encoded within its genome that can be altered with electromagnetic field (EMF) transduction technology to change gene sequences or create cells with unique characteristics.
Scientists have also discovered that certain bacteria emit electromagnetic waves of very low frequencies. These waves are generated by their chromosomes in response to specific conditions and scientists believe they can be used to manipulate cell chromosomes; an essential step toward quantum biology. This discovery sheds light on how life works on a molecular level.
One of the key ideas behind this new field is that genes are governed by quantum mechanics laws, which describe microscopic objects. This includes superposition, uncertainty and entanglement principles which play a part in many biological processes and is supported by Copenhagen interpretation which states that quantum particles behave both like waves and particles.
Some scientists have discovered that electromagnetic waves emitted by bacteria can transmit genetic information across a certain frequency range to other bacterial cells, and even alter DNA within these cells, leading to faster cell division and reproduction rates – marking an incredible breakthrough in cell biology that could pave the way for new medical therapies.
This research leads to the conclusion that DNA molecules contain fractal environments capable of storing chromosome signals and transforming them into coherent quantum nonlocal radiowave genomic information – similar to what Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen first proposed as nonlocality in their theory of quantum nonlocality (EPR).
Wave genetics adds another crucial aspect: some genes can produce multiple copies of themselves. This increases chromosome count, potentially leading to genetic mutations and diseases as they alter chromosome structures which impact how genes operate.
Electron motions
Electrons move in molecules on ultrafast timescales, completing cycles within just several hundred attoseconds (one attosecond being one quintillionth of a second). But directly observing their behavior in complex molecular systems has proven difficult due to electrons not having mass and having much longer de Broglie wavelengths than protons. Now however, researchers at UC San Diego have devised a technique called vortex electron diffraction that allows them to visually observe electron motion within molecules for the first time ever!
This study’s findings were recently published in Nature Communications. These indicate that when exposed to wave frequencies as close as possible to its natural frequency, DNA molecules will begin vibrating and changing shape due to nucleobase vibrations that make up DNA strands.
Researchers used COMSOL software to simulate DNA bending. They observed that when nucleobases were placed such that hydrogen bonds formed between adjacent nucleobases lower and upper, a cylinder-shaped structure could form similar to what would be seen in nature. Furthermore, temperature was found to affect its bend; higher temperatures resulted in decreased natural frequency for DNA molecules.
Ida-Marie Hoyvik and Stefanie Muff, associate professors at NTNU, led this research team. Both were awarded ERC Consolidator Grants worth an estimated NOK 43 million to fund their work; these awards recognize exceptional individual researchers. This project’s objective was to understand how properties of atoms impact molecular dynamics for improved drug design and new material creation, as well as to further scientific knowledge regarding chemical interactions occurring at an atomic level to provide more effective treatments against diseases like cancer.
Topoisomerases
Topoisomerases are enzymes that manipulate the topology of DNA, from unwinding the double helix to relaxing supercoiled DNA segments, as well as linking and unlinking DNA segments. Furthermore, topoisomerases can untangle knotted DNA by making small cuts that can later rejoin; they also play an integral role in transcription or replication by shifting chromosome positions reassigned during transcription or replication processes, potentially impacting gene expression or cell division processes – these modifications impacting global cell regulation processes overall. Topoisomerases play an integral part in maintaining genome homeostasis by shaping its topological integrity; their activity impacts global regulation of cells overall.
Topoisomerases can be divided into two classes. Type I topoisomerases possess a helicase domain which attaches to DNA and cuts it, commonly referred to as recombinases; type I topoisomerases also bind and reorient DNA, freeing it from compacted states into accessible ones; these require cofactor ATP for energy release for both DNA synthesis and repositioning processes.
Type II topoisomerases also possess a DNA-binding domain that recognizes guanine-rich DNA sequences, and this binding site can be bound by transcription factors to relax positive DNA supercoiling and promote gene expression. Type II topoisomerases may also help relieve negative supercoiling by binding DNA at loop boundaries.
Topoisomerases play an essential role in DNA replication and transcription by breaking links between replicated DNA segments that form during DNA replication and transcription, such as when cells replicate their own chromosomes or make copies of themselves for transcription purposes. Such links can stall DNA replication and RNA synthesis preventing cells from dividing. In order to break these links topoisomerases make small, reversible cuts in DNA in order to break these links and reconnect chromosomes.
Topoisomerases differ from other proteins in that they do not depend on an outside protein core or lipid membrane for stabilization, instead they interact directly with DNA and feature various recognition motifs spread throughout the genome – reflecting their function of regulating all genes at once.
Recent studies have demonstrated that the presence of topoisomerases at specific genomic locations correlates with transcriptional activity. This could be caused by higher torsional stress at these regions which attract topoisomerases; or by binding topoisomerases to DNA which promote recombination between sites.
